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设计模式——命令模式

     命令模式的定义:将“请求”封装成对象,以便使用不同的请求、队列或者日志来参数化其他对象。命令模式也支持撤销的操作。注意命令模式是将请求封装成对象!

    其实简单的说,命令模式就是把方法调用封装起来了,通过封装方法调用,可以把运算块包装成型,所以调用此运算的对象不需要关心事情是如何进行的,只要知道如何使用包装成型的方法来完成它就可以。

    命令模式的使用场景:当需要将发出请求的对象和执行请求的对象解耦的时候,请考虑使用命令模式吧。

    场景举例:设计一款多功能遥控器,该遥控器可以控制家里各个电器的状态,例如电灯的开关,电视的开关,电扇的速度,车库门的开关等等,下面使用命令模式实现这个遥控器。在这里,发出请求的对象是遥控器,执行请求的对象是各种电器。

    首先需要让所有的命令对象实现同一个命令接口

public interface Command {  public void execute();  public void undo();}

     接口中有两个方法,一个是执行动作的方法execute,一个是撤销动作的方法undo;

    下面实现电灯打开关闭命令前先声明一个电灯类

public class Light {    protected void on() {    System.out.println("light is on");  }  protected void off() {    System.out.println("light is off");  }}

    电灯类只有两个方法on—>打开,off—>关闭;然后实现打开电灯的命令

public class LightOnCommand implements Command {  Light light;  public LightOnCommand(Light light) {    // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub    this.light = light;  }  @Override  public void execute() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    light.on();  }  @Override  public void undo() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    light.off();  }}

    注意undo的操作正好是与execute的操作相反的;在写一个电灯关闭的命令

public class LightOffCommand implements Command {  Light light;  public LightOffCommand(Light light) {    // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub    this.light = light;  }  @Override  public void execute() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    light.off();  }  @Override  public void undo() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    light.on();  }}

    再增加一个车库门的开启和关闭

public class GarageDoor {  public void up() {    System.out.println("the garagedoor is up!");  }  public void down() {    System.out.println("the garagedoor is down!");  }  public void lightOn() {    System.out.println("the garagedoor's light is on!");  }  public void lightOff() {    System.out.println("the garagedoor's light is off!");  }}

public class GarageDoorOpenCommand implements Command {  GarageDoor garageDoor;  public GarageDoorOpenCommand(GarageDoor garageDoor) {    // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub    this.garageDoor = garageDoor;  }  @Override  public void execute() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    garageDoor.up();    garageDoor.lightOn();  }  @Override  public void undo() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    garageDoor.down();    garageDoor.lightOff();  }}

public class GarageDoorCloseCommand implements Command {  GarageDoor garageDoor;  public GarageDoorCloseCommand(GarageDoor garageDoor) {    // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub    this.garageDoor = garageDoor;  }  @Override  public void execute() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    garageDoor.down();    garageDoor.lightOff();  }  @Override  public void undo() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    garageDoor.up();    garageDoor.lightOn();  }}

    然后就是遥控器的实现了

public class RemoteControl {  /*   * 由于对应多个电器这里采用数组记录这些命令   */  Command[] onCommands;  Command[] offCommands;  Command undoCommand;//用来记录撤销命令  public RemoteControl() {    // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub    onCommands = new Command[7];    offCommands = new Command[7];    Command noCommand = new NoCommand();//初始化是都是空命令    for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {      onCommands[i] = noCommand;      offCommands[i] = noCommand;    }    undoCommand=noCommand;  }  public void setCommand(int slot, Command onCommand, Command offCommand) {    onCommands[slot] = onCommand;    offCommands[slot] = offCommand;  }  public void onButtonWasPushed(int slot) {    onCommands[slot].execute();    undoCommand=onCommands[slot];  }  public void offButtonWasPushed(int slot) {    offCommands[slot].execute();    undoCommand=offCommands[slot];  }  public void undoButtonWasPushed(){    undoCommand.undo();  }}

    空命令在这里什么也不做,只是保证上的按钮均有命令对象存在,空命令的实现

public class NoCommand implements Command {  @Override  public void execute() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    System.out.println("no command!");  }  @Override  public void undo() {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub      }}

    开始测试一下遥控器

public class RemoteLoader {  public static void main(String[] args) {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    RemoteControl remoteControl=new RemoteControl();    Light light=new Light();    LightOnCommand lightOn=new LightOnCommand(light);    LightOffCommand lightOff =new LightOffCommand(light);        GarageDoor garageDoor=new GarageDoor();    GarageDoorOpenCommand garageDoorOpen=new GarageDoorOpenCommand(garageDoor);    GarageDoorCloseCommand garageDoorClose=new GarageDoorCloseCommand(garageDoor);        remoteControl.setCommand(0, lightOn, lightOff);    remoteControl.setCommand(1, garageDoorOpen, garageDoorClose);        remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);    remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(1);    remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(0);    remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(1);  }}

    打印结果:

light is onthe garagedoor is up!the garagedoor's light is on!light is offthe garagedoor is down!the garagedoor's light is off!

    遥控器实现完毕,测试一下撤销命令

public class RemoteLoader {  public static void main(String[] args) {    // TODO Auto-generated method stub    RemoteControl remoteControl=new RemoteControl();    Light light=new Light();    LightOnCommand lightOn=new LightOnCommand(light);    LightOffCommand lightOff =new LightOffCommand(light);        remoteControl.setCommand(0, lightOn, lightOff);        remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);    System.out.println("****************");    remoteControl.undoButtonWasPushed();  }}

    打印结果

light is on****************light is off

    总结:

    (1)命令模式将发出请求的对象和执行请求的对象解耦;

    (2)在被解耦的两者之间是通过命令对象进行沟通的。命令对象封装了接受者和一个或一组动作。

    (3)调用者通过调用命令对象的execute()发出请求,这会使得接受者的动作被调用。

    (4)调用者可以接受命令当作参数,甚至在运行时动态的进行。

    (5)命令可以支持撤销,做法是实现一个undo()方法来回到上一个execute()被执行前的状态。

   




原标题:设计模式——命令模式

关键词:设计模式

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