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hibernate基于注解的维护权反转:@OneToMany(mappedBy=)

背景说明:首先是SSH环境下,对象基于注解的方式映射到数据库

昨天遇到一个比较纠结的问题,@OneToMany(mappedBy="xxx"), mappedBy属性有什么用,然后是写在哪一边?

还有一个问题是:@JoinColumn(name="xxxxx"),JoinColumn有什么用?

 

先贴出最初的代码:一些基本的注解,在一对多的关系上没有使用JoinColumn和mappedBy属性

部门类:主要是第33、34行

 1 package com.lizhou.entity.test; 2  3 import java.util.ArrayList; 4 import java.util.List; 5  6 import javax.persistence.Column; 7 import javax.persistence.Entity; 8 import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; 9 import javax.persistence.GenerationType;10 import javax.persistence.Id;11 import javax.persistence.OneToMany;12 import javax.persistence.Table;13 14 import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;15 16 /**17  * 部门:与员工一对多关系18  * @author bojiangzhou19  *20 */21 @Entity22 @Table(name="department")23 public class Department {24   25   @Id26   @GeneratedValue(generator="_native")27   @GenericGenerator(name="_native", strategy="native")28   private int id; //ID29   30   @Column(length=20)31   private String dname; //部门名称32   33   @OneToMany34   private List<Employee> employeeList = new ArrayList<>(); //部门下的员工集合35 36   // get/set方法59   60 }

 

员工类:主要是第32、33行

 1 package com.lizhou.entity.test; 2  3 import javax.persistence.Column; 4 import javax.persistence.Entity; 5 import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; 6 import javax.persistence.Id; 7 import javax.persistence.ManyToOne; 8 import javax.persistence.Table; 9 10 import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;11 12 /**13  * 员工:与部门多对一关系14  * @author bojiangzhou15  *16 */17 @Entity18 @Table(name="employee")19 public class Employee {20 21   @Id22   @GeneratedValue(generator="_native")23   @GenericGenerator(name="_native", strategy="native")24   private int id; //ID25   26   @Column(length=20)27   private String ename; //员工姓名28   29   @Column(length=20)30   private String phone; //电话31   32   @ManyToOne33   private Department department; //所属部门34   35   36   //get/set方法67   68 }

 

最初的注解配置里,在一对多的关系上,即employeeList和department没有使用JoinColumn。

看下图,employee表会自动添加一个外键列department_id,虽然关系映射上是正确了,但是有一个问题,数据库里多了一张表出来,这不是想要的结果。

hibernate基于注解的维护权反转:@OneToMany(mappedBy=)

 

解决方法:在employeeList和department字段上加上@JoinColumn注解

1 @OneToMany2 @JoinColumn(name="departmentId")3 private List<Employee> employeeList = new ArrayList<>(); //部门下的员工集合

 

1 @ManyToOne//2 @JoinColumn(name="departmentId")//3 private Department department; //所属部门

 

 

 

这样一来的话就只有两张表了,所以在一对多或者一对一的关系下,需要加上@JoinColumn来指定外键列,避免生成一张中间表。

而且经试验,多的一方(Employee)里的department必须加上@JoinColumn,Department里不加不会影响表的结构,不知道会不会有其它影响;

但是如果Employee属于多的一方,如果没有指定外键列,还是会自动生成一个department_id外键列。

hibernate基于注解的维护权反转:@OneToMany(mappedBy=)

 

接下来讨论mappedBy属性:mappedBy属性主要是针对外键而言。与之相对应的是

如下是测试类代码:此时还没有设置mappedBy属性,映射时,默认是都由自身维护关联关系。

 1 package com.lizhou.action.test; 2  3 import org.hibernate.Session; 4 import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; 5 import org.hibernate.Transaction; 6 import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; 7 import org.junit.Test; 8 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; 9 import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPath10 11 import com.lizhou.entity.test.Department;12 import com.lizhou.entity.test.Employee;13 14 /**15  * 测试类16  * @author bojiangzhou17  *18 */19 20 public class TestAction {21   22   private static SessionFactory sessionFactory = null;23   24   static {25     //读取classpath中applicationContext.26     ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPath);27     //获取session中配置的sessionFactory对象28     sessionFactory = (SessionFactory) applicationContext.getBean("sessionFactory");29   }30   31   @Test32   public void testSave(){33     //创建一个部门对象34     Department d1 = new Department();35     d1.setDname("研发部");36     37     //创建两个员工对象38     Employee e1 = new Employee();39     e1.setEname("张三");40     e1.setPhone("13111111111");41     Employee e2 = new Employee();42     e2.setEname("李四");43     e2.setPhone("18523222222");44     45     //设置对象关联46     d1.getEmployeeList().add(e1);47     d1.getEmployeeList().add(e2);48     e1.setDepartment(d1);49     e2.setDepartment(d1);50     51     //获取Session52     Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();53     //开始事务54     Transaction t = session.beginTransaction();55     try {56       //添加数据57       session.save(d1);58       session.save(e1);59       session.save(e2);60       //提交事务61       t.commit();62     } catch (RuntimeException e) {63       //有异常则回滚事务64       t.rollback();65       e.printStackTrace();66     } finally {67       //关闭session68       session.close();69     }70   }71   72   73 }

执行testSave后,控制台打印如下语句:

1 Hibernate: insert into department (dname) values (?)2 Hibernate: insert into employee (departmentId, ename, phone) values (?, ?, ?)3 Hibernate: insert into employee (departmentId, ename, phone) values (?, ?, ?)4 Hibernate: update employee set departmentId=? where id=?5 Hibernate: update employee set departmentId=? where id=?

可以看到多了两条update语句,这是因为两边都维护关系,先插入的部门,再插入员工,插入员工时,已经设置好外键了,但部门方也维护关系,会再执行一次更新操作,为员工设置外键,这样就导致多出了两条update语句,这里是有性能损耗的。

一种解决办法是:将第46、47行去掉,即对象上部门不关联员工

 1 package com.lizhou.action.test; 2  3 import org.hibernate.Session; 4 import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; 5 import org.hibernate.Transaction; 6 import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; 7 import org.junit.Test; 8 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; 9 import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPath10 11 import com.lizhou.entity.test.Department;12 import com.lizhou.entity.test.Employee;13 14 /**15  * 测试类16  * @author bojiangzhou17  *18 */19 20 public class TestAction {21   22   private static SessionFactory sessionFactory = null;23   24   static {25     //读取classpath中applicationContext.26     ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPath);27     //获取session中配置的sessionFactory对象28     sessionFactory = (SessionFactory) applicationContext.getBean("sessionFactory");29   }30   31   @Test32   public void testSave(){33     //创建一个部门对象34     Department d1 = new Department();35     d1.setDname("研发部");36     37     //创建两个员工对象38     Employee e1 = new Employee();39     e1.setEname("张三");40     e1.setPhone("13111111111");41     Employee e2 = new Employee();42     e2.setEname("李四");43     e2.setPhone("18523222222");44     45     //设置对象关联46 //    d1.getEmployeeList().add(e1);47 //    d1.getEmployeeList().add(e2);48     e1.setDepartment(d1);49     e2.setDepartment(d1);50     51     //获取Session52     Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();53     //开始事务54     Transaction t = session.beginTransaction();55     try {56       //添加数据57       session.save(d1);58       session.save(e1);59       session.save(e2);60       //提交事务61       t.commit();62     } catch (RuntimeException e) {63       //有异常则回滚事务64       t.rollback();65       e.printStackTrace();66     } finally {67       //关闭session68       session.close();69     }70   }71   72   73 }

1 Hibernate: insert into department (dname) values (?)2 Hibernate: insert into employee (departmentId, ename, phone) values (?, ?, ?)3 Hibernate: insert into employee (departmentId, ename, phone) values (?, ?, ?)

这样部门方就不会去维护外键关系了。但是有一个问题,对象上就没有关联了,我们要做的是对象上要互相关联,数据库方面只让一方去维护关系即可。

对象上如果不关联,因为部门和员工添加到数据库后,是持久化状态,存在于session缓存中,那session操作缓存中这几个对象时,部门就没有关联员工了,那么就还得再查询一次数据库,这不是想要的结果。

这时就要用到mappedBy属性了。

在一的一方配置@OneToMany(mappedBy="department"),将维护权交由多的一方来维护;

那为什么不让多的一方交出维护权,让一的一方来维护呢?上面的实验也表明了如果让一的一方来维护,始终都会多出两条update语句,因为外键是在多的这一方的,所以维护权应该交由多的一方。

部门类的配置:第36行和第37行的配置,部门部门交出维护权利,让对方来维护

 1 package com.lizhou.entity.test; 2  3 import java.util.ArrayList; 4 import java.util.List; 5  6 import javax.persistence.CascadeType; 7 import javax.persistence.Column; 8 import javax.persistence.Entity; 9 import javax.persistence.FetchType;10 import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;11 import javax.persistence.GenerationType;12 import javax.persistence.Id;13 import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;14 import javax.persistence.OneToMany;15 import javax.persistence.Table;16 17 import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;18 19 /**20  * 部门:与员工一对多关系21  * @author bojiangzhou22  *23 */24 @Entity25 @Table(name="department")26 public class Department {27   28   @Id29   @GeneratedValue(generator="_native")30   @GenericGenerator(name="_native", strategy="native")31   private int id; //ID32   33   @Column(length=20)34   private String dname; //部门名称35   36   @OneToMany(mappedBy="department")37   private List<Employee> employeeList = new ArrayList<>(); //部门下的员工集合38 39   // get/set方法62   63 }

员工类的配置不变。

调用testSave时,部门和员工再对象上依然是关联的:第46-49行

 1 package com.lizhou.action.test; 2  3 import org.hibernate.Session; 4 import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; 5 import org.hibernate.Transaction; 6 import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; 7 import org.junit.Test; 8 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; 9 import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPath10 11 import com.lizhou.entity.test.Department;12 import com.lizhou.entity.test.Employee;13 14 /**15  * 测试类16  * @author bojiangzhou17  *18 */19 20 public class TestAction {21   22   private static SessionFactory sessionFactory = null;23   24   static {25     //读取classpath中applicationContext.26     ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPath);27     //获取session中配置的sessionFactory对象28     sessionFactory = (SessionFactory) applicationContext.getBean("sessionFactory");29   }30   31   @Test32   public void testSave(){33     //创建一个部门对象34     Department d1 = new Department();35     d1.setDname("研发部");36     37     //创建两个员工对象38     Employee e1 = new Employee();39     e1.setEname("张三");40     e1.setPhone("13111111111");41     Employee e2 = new Employee();42     e2.setEname("李四");43     e2.setPhone("18523222222");44     45     //设置对象关联46     d1.getEmployeeList().add(e1);47     d1.getEmployeeList().add(e2);48     e1.setDepartment(d1);49     e2.setDepartment(d1);50     51     //获取Session52     Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();53     //开始事务54     Transaction t = session.beginTransaction();55     try {56       //添加数据57       session.save(d1);58       session.save(e1);59       session.save(e2);60       //提交事务61       t.commit();62     } catch (RuntimeException e) {63       //有异常则回滚事务64       t.rollback();65       e.printStackTrace();66     } finally {67       //关闭session68       session.close();69     }70   }71   72   73 }

控制台打印的语句:只有三条插入语句,没有更新语句了

1 Hibernate: insert into department (dname) values (?)2 Hibernate: insert into employee (departmentId, ename, phone) values (?, ?, ?)3 Hibernate: insert into employee (departmentId, ename, phone) values (?, ?, ?)

 

这里遇到一个问题:如果配置mappedBy属性的同时加上@JoinColumn会抛出异常,所以不能同时使用@JoinColumn和mappedBy;因为@JoinColumn本身就是自己来维护外键,和mappedBy冲突了。--->>>不知道这样理解正确否!!^_^

 1 package com.lizhou.entity.test; 2  3 import java.util.ArrayList; 4 import java.util.List; 5  6 import javax.persistence.CascadeType; 7 import javax.persistence.Column; 8 import javax.persistence.Entity; 9 import javax.persistence.FetchType;10 import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;11 import javax.persistence.GenerationType;12 import javax.persistence.Id;13 import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;14 import javax.persistence.OneToMany;15 import javax.persistence.Table;16 17 import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;18 19 /**20  * 部门:与员工一对多关系21  * @author bojiangzhou22  *23 */24 @Entity25 @Table(name="department")26 public class Department {27   28   @Id29   @GeneratedValue(generator="_native")30   @GenericGenerator(name="_native", strategy="native")31   private int id; //ID32   33   @Column(length=20)34   private String dname; //部门名称35   36   @OneToMany(mappedBy="department")37   @JoinColumn(name="departmentId")38   private List<Employee> employeeList = new ArrayList<>(); //部门下的员工集合39 40   // set/get 方法63   64 }

抛出如下异常:

 1 java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError 2   at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) 3   at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(Unknown Source) 4   at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(Unknown Source) 5   at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Unknown Source) 6   at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.createTest(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:217) 7   at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner$1.runReflectiveCall(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:266) 8   at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12) 9   at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.methodBlock(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:263)10   at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:78)11   at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:57)12   at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:290)13   at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:71)14   at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:288)15   at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:58)16   at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:268)17   at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:363)18   at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:86)19   at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)20   at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:459)21   at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:675)22   at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:382)23   at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:192)24 Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'sessionFactory' defined in class path resource [applicationContext.25   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.initializeBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1553)26   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:539)27   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:475)28   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:302)29   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:228)30   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:298)31   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:193)32   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:684)33   at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:760)34   at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:482)35   at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPath<init>(ClassPath36   at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPath<init>(ClassPath37   at com.lizhou.action.test.TestAction.<clinit>(TestAction.java:26)38   ... 22 more39 Caused by: org.hibernate.AnnotationException: Associations marked as mappedBy must not define database mappings like @JoinTable or @JoinColumn: com.lizhou.entity.test.Department.employeeList40   at org.hibernate.cfg.annotations.CollectionBinder.bind(CollectionBinder.java:493)41   at org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationBinder.processElementAnnotations(AnnotationBinder.java:2156)42   at org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationBinder.processIdPropertiesIfNotAlready(AnnotationBinder.java:963)43   at org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationBinder.bindClass(AnnotationBinder.java:796)44   at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration$MetadataSourceQueue.processAnnotatedClassesQueue(Configuration.java:3788)45   at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration$MetadataSourceQueue.processMetadata(Configuration.java:3742)46   at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.secondPassCompile(Configuration.java:1410)47   at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSessionFactory(Configuration.java:1844)48   at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSessionFactory(Configuration.java:1928)49   at org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBuilder.buildSessionFactory(LocalSessionFactoryBuilder.java:343)50   at org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean.buildSessionFactory(LocalSessionFactoryBean.java:431)51   at org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean.afterPropertiesSet(LocalSessionFactoryBean.java:416)52   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.invokeInitMethods(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1612)53   at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.initializeBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1549)54   ... 34 more

 

 

还有一点说明下:

如果将第57行代码移到第59行后面,即先保存员工,再保存部门,会多出四条update语句

 1 package com.lizhou.action.test; 2  3 import org.hibernate.Session; 4 import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; 5 import org.hibernate.Transaction; 6 import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; 7 import org.junit.Test; 8 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; 9 import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPath10 11 import com.lizhou.entity.test.Department;12 import com.lizhou.entity.test.Employee;13 14 /**15  * 测试类16  * @author bojiangzhou17  *18 */19 20 public class TestAction {21   22   private static SessionFactory sessionFactory = null;23   24   static {25     //读取classpath中applicationContext.26     ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPath);27     //获取session中配置的sessionFactory对象28     sessionFactory = (SessionFactory) applicationContext.getBean("sessionFactory");29   }30   31   @Test32   public void testSave(){33     //创建一个部门对象34     Department d1 = new Department();35     d1.setDname("研发部");36     37     //创建两个员工对象38     Employee e1 = new Employee();39     e1.setEname("张三");40     e1.setPhone("13111111111");41     Employee e2 = new Employee();42     e2.setEname("李四");43     e2.setPhone("18523222222");44     45     //设置对象关联46     d1.getEmployeeList().add(e1);47     d1.getEmployeeList().add(e2);48     e1.setDepartment(d1);49     e2.setDepartment(d1);50     51     //获取Session52     Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();53     //开始事务54     Transaction t = session.beginTransaction();55     try {56       //添加数据57       session.save(e1);58       session.save(e2);59       session.save(d1);60       //提交事务61       t.commit();62     } catch (RuntimeException e) {63       //有异常则回滚事务64       t.rollback();65       e.printStackTrace();66     } finally {67       //关闭session68       session.close();69     }70   }71   72   73 }

1 Hibernate: insert into employee (departmentId, ename, phone) values (?, ?, ?)2 Hibernate: insert into employee (departmentId, ename, phone) values (?, ?, ?)3 Hibernate: insert into department (dname) values (?)4 Hibernate: update employee set departmentId=?, ename=?, phone=? where id=?5 Hibernate: update employee set departmentId=?, ename=?, phone=? where id=?6 Hibernate: update employee set departmentId=? where id=?7 Hibernate: update employee set departmentId=? where id=?

很明显,在插入员工时,还没有部门的信息,等插入部门的时候,员工方会维护外键关系,更新外键;而部门方也会维护一次,所以多了四条语句。所以在添加数据的时候先保存一的一方,再保存多的一方。

 

总结:mappedBy属性跟

解决的办法就是在一的一方配置上mappedBy属性,将维护权交给多的一方来维护,就不会有update语句了。

至于为何要将维护权交给多的一方,可以这样考虑:要想一个国家的领导人记住所有人民的名字是不可能的,但可以让所有人民记住领导人的名字!

注意,配了mappedBy属性后,不要再有@JoinColumn,会冲突!

OK!!!

 

 




原标题:hibernate基于注解的维护权反转:@OneToMany(mappedBy=)

关键词:Hibernate

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