你的位置:首页 > 软件开发 > 操作系统 > 【linux相识相知】网络属性配置

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置

发布时间:2017-09-17 00:00:20
当我们拥有一个崭新的计算机的时候,第一步恐怕都是迫不及待的下载各种软件,看视频,听音乐等,这里的关键的一点是要有网络。现在的个人计算机大部分都是windows操作系统的,接入网络网络很简单,插上网线也许就能上网了,最麻烦不过找到网络和共享中心手动配置一个ip地址、网关地址和dns ...

当我们拥有一个崭新的计算机的时候,第一步恐怕都是迫不及待的下载各种软件,看视频,听音乐等,这里的关键的一点是要有网络。现在的个人计算机大部分都是windows操作系统的,接入网络网络很简单,插上网线也许就能上网了,最麻烦不过找到网络和共享中心手动配置一个ip地址、网关地址和dns服务器就能上网了,当然这都是得益于图形化界面。但是现在很多的服务器都是linux操作系统且没有图形化的界面,这时候我们就需要了解怎样正确的给linux主机配置网络属性了,本次博客就来说说以正确的方式打开linux操作系统的网络属性配置(本次博客基于的发行版和版本:centOS7、centOS6.5)。

 

接入网络的两种方式

一、手动的指定

1.使用命令

一般是临时的修改,重启后失效,如:ifconfig、route、ip addr等。

2.修改配置文件

修改文件配置,永久有效,但是可能不能立即生效,需要重启服务。

二、动态获取

如果本地网路中存在DHCP服务,可以动态的获取到ip地址、网关地址、DNS服务器地址等。

 

常用的管理和配置命令

一、ifconfig

1.不加任何选项,查看处于活动状态下的接口,-a选项显示所有接口,包括inactive状态的接口:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfigeth0  Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:9F:AA:AD   inet addr:192.168.172.136 Bcast:192.168.172.255 Mask:255.255.255.0   inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe9f:aaad/64 Scope:Link   UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1   RX packets:2168 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:404 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000   RX bytes:149715 (146.2 KiB) TX bytes:29251 (28.5 KiB)lo  Link encap:Local Loopback   inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0   inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host   UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1   RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:0   RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig -aeth0  Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:9F:AA:AD   inet addr:192.168.172.136 Bcast:192.168.172.255 Mask:255.255.255.0   inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe9f:aaad/64 Scope:Link   UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1   RX packets:2223 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:425 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000   RX bytes:153927 (150.3 KiB) TX bytes:32473 (31.7 KiB)eth1  Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:9F:AA:B7   BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1   RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000   RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)lo  Link encap:Local Loopback   inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0   inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host   UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1   RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:0   RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
View Code

接口的命名方式:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
1.传统的命令方式: 以太网:eth1,eth2...ethn #centos6较常见的命名方式 PPP网络:ppp1,ppp2...pppn2.可预测的命令方案如果固件或者BIOS为主板上集成的设备提供的索引信息可以用,根据此索引进行命令,例如:eno1,eno2....enon;如果固件或者BIOS为PCI-E扩展槽上所提供的索引信息可以用,根据此索引进行命令,例如:ens1,ens2...ensn;如果硬件接口的物理位置信息可用,则根据此信息命令,如enp2s0如果用户显示定义,也可以根据MAC地址命令,例如enx12321312313.命名格式的组成en:以太网wl:无线网ww:广域网4.名称类型o<index>:集成设备的设备索引号s<slot>:扩展槽的索引号x<MAC>:基于MAC地址的命名p<bus>s<slot>:基于总线槽的拓扑结构进行命名
接口命名方式

2. 配置接口ip地址掩码的两种方式:

ifconfig INTERFACE IP/MASK [up|down]  #up和down为可选项ifconfig INTERFACE IP netmask.NETMASK [up|down]

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth1 192.168.1.1/24 up[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ifconfigeth0  Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:9F:AA:AD   inet addr:192.168.172.136 Bcast:192.168.172.255 Mask:255.255.255.0   inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe9f:aaad/64 Scope:Link   UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1   RX packets:2392 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:510 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000   RX bytes:168403 (164.4 KiB) TX bytes:43303 (42.2 KiB)eth1  Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:9F:AA:B7   inet addr:192.168.1.1 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0   inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe9f:aab7/64 Scope:Link   UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1   RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000   RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:398 (398.0 b)lo  Link encap:Local Loopback   inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0   inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host   UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1   RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:0   RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
View Code

3.开启接口的杂合模式,这里就不先做太多的说明,后面博客中会说明:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth1 promisc[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth1eth1  Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:9F:AA:B7   inet addr:192.168.1.1 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0   inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe9f:aab7/64 Scope:Link   UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 #这里多了一个PROMISC   RX packets:29 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000   RX bytes:2985 (2.9 KiB) TX bytes:468 (468.0 b)
View Code

4.新增和删除IPv6地址

ifconfig INTERFACE add addr/prefixlenifconfig INTERFACE del addr/prefixlen

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth1 add 2001:0:0:12::1/64 #新增一个IPV6地址[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth1eth1  Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:9F:AA:B7   inet addr:192.168.1.1 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0   inet6 addr: 2001:0:0:12::1/64 Scope:Global   inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe9f:aab7/64 Scope:Link   UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1   RX packets:57 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:10 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000   RX bytes:6604 (6.4 KiB) TX bytes:836 (836.0 b)[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth1 del 2001:0:0:12::1/64 #删除ipv6地址[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth1eth1  Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:9F:AA:B7   inet addr:192.168.1.1 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0   inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe9f:aab7/64 Scope:Link   UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1   RX packets:62 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0   TX packets:12 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0   collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000   RX bytes:7468 (7.2 KiB) TX bytes:1016 (1016.0 b)
View Code

如果在没有配置ipv6地址的情况下,我们会发现每个接口都有一个开头为fe80的ipv6地址,这个地址被称为链路本地的地址,其前64为都是固定的格式,后64是位是基于EUI-64生成的,通俗的来说就是基于MAC地址生成的,链路本地地址只能用户本地的通信,如果想要实现上网的功能,就必须要给接口配置一个全局的地址,也就是全球可聚合单播地址,配置的方式就如上,显示为Global。

可以给接口起别名配置多个IP地址:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens34:1 192.168.179.130 netmask 255.255.255.0[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ifconfigens32: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  inet 192.168.172.134 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.172.255  inet6 fe80::4:ed31:efad:25d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:47 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 25157 bytes 12826364 (12.2 MiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 11651 bytes 2175604 (2.0 MiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0ens34: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  inet 192.168.179.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.179.255  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 666 bytes 91944 (89.7 KiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 220 bytes 29356 (28.6 KiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0ens34:1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  inet 192.168.179.130 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.179.255  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
View Code

然后为别名添加配置文件即可,记得DEVICE为别名名称且BOOTPROTO:不支持动态获取地址。

注意:执行ifconfig的时候,命令执行后立即生效的,但是重启后失效!

 

二、route

1.查看路由条目

route -n #用数字表示,不加-n选项,可能会以主机名和其他的符号来显示地址

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# routeKernel IP routing tableDestination  Gateway   Genmask   Flags Metric Ref Use Iface192.168.172.0 *    255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth0link-local  *    255.255.0.0  U  1002 0  0 eth0default   192.168.172.2 0.0.0.0   UG 0  0  0 eth0[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination  Gateway   Genmask   Flags Metric Ref Use Iface192.168.172.0 0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth0169.254.0.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.0.0  U  1002 0  0 eth00.0.0.0   192.168.172.2 0.0.0.0   UG 0  0  0 eth0
View Code

2.添加路由条目

route add [-net|-host] target [netmask Nm] [gw GW] [[dev] If]

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 100.100.100.0/24 gw 192.168.1.1 #接口可省略[root@localhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination  Gateway   Genmask   Flags Metric Ref Use Iface100.100.100.0 192.168.1.1  255.255.255.0 UG 0  0  0 eth1192.168.1.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth1192.168.172.0 0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth0169.254.0.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.0.0  U  1002 0  0 eth00.0.0.0   192.168.172.2 0.0.0.0   UG 0  0  0 eth0[root@localhost ~]# route add default gw 192.168.1.1 dev eth1 #使用default参数创建默认路由[root@localhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination  Gateway   Genmask   Flags Metric Ref Use Iface100.100.100.0 192.168.1.1  255.255.255.0 UG 0  0  0 eth1192.168.1.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth1192.168.172.0 0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth0169.254.0.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.0.0  U  1002 0  0 eth00.0.0.0   192.168.1.1  0.0.0.0   UG 0  0  0 eth10.0.0.0   192.168.172.2 0.0.0.0   UG 0  0  0 eth0
View Code

3.删除路由

route del [-net|-host] target [gw GW] [netmask Nm] [[dev] If]

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# route del -net 100.100.100.0/24 [root@localhost ~]# route del -net 0.0.0.0/0 gw 192.168.1.1 #如果目的IP地址存在多个,可以指定网关地址,避免误删[root@localhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination  Gateway   Genmask   Flags Metric Ref Use Iface192.168.1.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth1192.168.172.0 0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth0169.254.0.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.0.0  U  1002 0  0 eth00.0.0.0   192.168.172.2 0.0.0.0   UG 0  0  0 eth0
View Code

 

三、netstat命令

专门用来显示命令

1.显示路由表

netstat -rn-r:显示内核路由表-n:数字格式

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -rnKernel IP routing tableDestination  Gateway   Genmask   Flags MSS Window irtt Iface192.168.1.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U   0 0   0 eth1192.168.172.0 0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U   0 0   0 eth0169.254.0.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.0.0  U   0 0   0 eth00.0.0.0   192.168.172.2 0.0.0.0   UG  0 0   0 eth0
View Code

2.显示网络连接

netstat [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--udplite|-U] [--sctp|-S] [--raw|-w] [--listening|-l] [--all|-a] [--numeric|-n] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--program|-p]-t:TCP的相关连接-u:UDP相关连接-w:raw socket相关连接-l:处于监听状态的连接-a:所有状态-n:以数字格式显示ip和端口-e:扩展格式-p:显示相关进程及PID常用组合:-tan -uan -tnl -unl -tunlp

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -tanActive Internet connections (servers and established)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address    Foreign Address    State  tcp  0  0 0.0.0.0:22     0.0.0.0:*     LISTEN  tcp  0  0 127.0.0.1:25    0.0.0.0:*     LISTEN  tcp  0  64 192.168.172.136:22   192.168.172.1:60645   ESTABLISHED tcp  0  0 :::22      :::*      LISTEN  tcp  0  0 ::1:25      :::*      LISTEN  [root@localhost ~]# netstat -uanActive Internet connections (servers and established)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address    Foreign Address    State  udp  0  0 0.0.0.0:68     0.0.0.0:*        [root@localhost ~]# netstat -tnlActive Internet connections (only servers)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address    Foreign Address    State  tcp  0  0 0.0.0.0:22     0.0.0.0:*     LISTEN  tcp  0  0 127.0.0.1:25    0.0.0.0:*     LISTEN  tcp  0  0 :::22      :::*      LISTEN  tcp  0  0 ::1:25      :::*      LISTEN  [root@localhost ~]# netstat -unlActive Internet connections (only servers)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address    Foreign Address    State  udp  0  0 0.0.0.0:68     0.0.0.0:*        [root@localhost ~]# netstat -tunlpActive Internet connections (only servers)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address    Foreign Address    State  PID/Program name tcp  0  0 0.0.0.0:22     0.0.0.0:*     LISTEN  1008/sshd   tcp  0  0 127.0.0.1:25    0.0.0.0:*     LISTEN  1084/master   tcp  0  0 :::22      :::*      LISTEN  1008/sshd   tcp  0  0 ::1:25      :::*      LISTEN  1084/master   udp  0  0 0.0.0.0:68     0.0.0.0:*        904/dhclient 
View Code

3.显示接口的统计数据

netstat {--interfaces|-I|-i} [iface] [--all|-a] [--extend|-e] [--verbose|-v] [--program|-p] [--numeric|-n]所有接口的信息:netstat -i指定的接口:netstat -I<INTERFACE>

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -iKernel Interface tableIface  MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flgeth0  1500 0  2288  0  0  0  1099  0  0  0 BMRUeth1  1500 0  8  0  0  0  6  0  0  0 BMRUlo  16436 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 LRU[root@localhost ~]# netstat -Ieth1Kernel Interface tableIface  MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flgeth1  1500 0  8  0  0  0  6  0  0  0 BMRU
View Code

 

四、ifup和ifdown

开启或者关闭接口,通过配置文件来识别接口并完成配置,如果接口没有配置文件,则不能生效。

ifup INTERFACEifdown INTERFACE

 

五、ip

ip的功能很强大,这里只做一些常用的用法的介绍,具体可以见man手册。

NAME:show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnelsip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help } OBJECT := { link | addr | route | netns } #注意,在写命令的时候,OBJECT可以简写,各个OBJECT的子命令也可以简写

1. ip link:网络设备管理

ip link set:修改设备的属性dev NAME:默认参数,指明要管理的设备,关键字dev可以省略;   {up|down}:开启或关闭设备   {multicast on|multicast off}:开启或关闭多播功能   {name NAME}:重命名接口,必须先将设备关闭   netns PID|netnsname:netns为名称空间,将接口移动到指定的网络名称空间ip link show:查看设备的状态ip link help:显示帮助信息

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens34 down #关闭ens34[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens34 name eth34 #重命名[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ifconfig -aens32: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  inet 192.168.172.134 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.172.255  inet6 fe80::4:ed31:efad:25d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:47 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 14177 bytes 10140644 (9.6 MiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 5848 bytes 1208376 (1.1 MiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0eth34: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 399 bytes 55093 (53.8 KiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 102 bytes 15624 (15.2 KiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0[root@localhost ~]# ip link set eth34 name ens34[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens34 up[root@localhost ~]# ifconfigens32: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  inet 192.168.172.134 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.172.255  inet6 fe80::4:ed31:efad:25d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:47 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 14382 bytes 10157346 (9.6 MiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 5954 bytes 1220936 (1.1 MiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0ens34: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  inet 192.168.179.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.179.255  inet6 fe80::3062:d2dc:471:6045 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 403 bytes 55727 (54.4 KiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 112 bytes 16702 (16.3 KiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
View Code

2.ip netns:管理网络名称空间(manage network namespaces)

ip netns list:列出所有的网络名称空间ip netns add NAME:创建指定的网络名称空间ip netns del NAME:删除指定的网络名称空间ip netns exec NAME COMMAND:在指定的netns中运行命令

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns add mynetns #创建了一个名称空间[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ip netns list #查看名称空间mynetns[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens34 netns mynetns #将ens34绑定到名称空间mynetns[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig -a #这时候我们会发现设备没有了ens32: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  inet 192.168.172.134 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.172.255  inet6 fe80::4:ed31:efad:25d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:47 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 14892 bytes 10199499 (9.7 MiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 6234 bytes 1258060 (1.1 MiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536  inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0  inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>  loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)  RX packets 72 bytes 6260 (6.1 KiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 72 bytes 6260 (6.1 KiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0[root@localhost ~]# ip link show 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:002: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:47 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec mynetns ip link show #只有在名称空间内执行命令才能看到,使用ifconfig无效1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:003: ens34: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec mynetns ip link set ens34 up #启用接口[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec mynetns ip link show1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:003: ens34: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
View Code

3.ip address:协议地址管理(protocol address management)

ip address IFADDR dev INTERFACE:新增地址,一个接口可以有多个地址ip address delete IFADDR dev INTERFACE:删除接口的地址ip address show [INTERFACE]:显示接口地址ip address flush dev INTERFACE:删除接口地址

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ip address flush ens34[root@localhost ~]# ifconfigens32: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  inet 192.168.172.134 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.172.255  inet6 fe80::4:ed31:efad:25d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:47 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 15955 bytes 10285157 (9.8 MiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 6762 bytes 1356066 (1.2 MiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0ens34: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 413 bytes 57483 (56.1 KiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 138 bytes 18976 (18.5 KiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0[root@localhost ~]# ip address add 192.168.179.22/24 dev ens34[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens34ens34: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  inet 192.168.179.22 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 0.0.0.0  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 416 bytes 57775 (56.4 KiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 141 bytes 19212 (18.7 KiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0[root@localhost ~]# ip address delete 192.168.179.22/24 dev ens34[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens34ens34: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500  ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)  RX packets 424 bytes 58479 (57.1 KiB)  RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0  TX packets 149 bytes 19804 (19.3 KiB)  TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0[root@localhost ~]# ip address show1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo  valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host  valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:47 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.172.134/24 brd 192.168.172.255 scope global dynamic ens32  valid_lft 1180sec preferred_lft 1180sec inet6 fe80::4:ed31:efad:25d0/64 scope link  valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever3: ens34: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:db:7f:51 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
View Code

4.ip route:路由表管理(routing table management)

ip route add TYPE PREFIX via GW [dev IFACE] [src SOURCE_IP]:新增一条路由ip route delete TYPE PREFIX:删除路由ip route show [TYPE PRIFIX]:查看路由ip route flush:清空路由ip route get TYPE PREFIX:获得一个单独的路由信息详见帮助信息:man ip route

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ip route showdefault via 192.168.172.2 dev ens32 proto static metric 100 192.168.172.0/24 dev ens32 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.172.134 metric 100 192.168.179.0/24 dev ens34 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.179.128 192.168.179.0/24 dev ens34 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.179.128 metric 100 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ip route add 100.100.100.0/24 via 192.168.179.128 dev ens34[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ip route showdefault via 192.168.172.2 dev ens32 proto static metric 100 100.100.100.0/24 via 192.168.179.128 dev ens34 192.168.172.0/24 dev ens32 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.172.134 metric 100 192.168.179.0/24 dev ens34 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.179.128 192.168.179.0/24 dev ens34 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.179.128 metric 100 [root@localhost ~]# ip route show 100.100.100.0/24100.100.100.0/24 via 192.168.179.128 dev ens34 [root@localhost ~]# ip route get 100.100.100.0/24100.100.100.0 dev ens34 src 192.168.179.128  cache 
View Code

 

六、ss命令

ss和netstat的功能类似,但是比netstat的功能强大。

net [options] [FILTER]options:-t:TCP的相关连接-u:UDP的相关连接-w:raw socket的相关连接-l:监听状态的连接-a:所有状态的连接-n:数字格式显示-p:相关的程序及其PID-e:扩展格式信息-m:内存用量-o:计时器信息FILTER:[ state TCP-STATE ] [ EXPRESSION ]TCP-STATE:LISTEN:监听ESTABLISEHD:已经建立连接FIN_WAIT_1:FIN_WAIT_2:SYN_SENT:SYN_RECV:CLOSED:EXPRESSION:dport:目的端口sport:源端口...

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@localhost ~]# ss -tanState  Recv-Q Send-Q     Local Address:Port         Peer Address:Port    LISTEN  0  128         *:22            *:*     LISTEN  0  100       127.0.0.1:25            *:*     ESTAB  0  0      192.168.172.134:22         192.168.172.1:57461    LISTEN  0  128         :::22            :::*     LISTEN  0  100         ::1:25            :::*     [root@localhost ~]# ss -tanpState  Recv-Q Send-Q     Local Address:Port         Peer Address:Port    LISTEN  0  128         *:22            *:*     users:(("sshd",pid=943,fd=3))LISTEN  0  100       127.0.0.1:25            *:*     users:(("master",pid=1038,fd=13))ESTAB  0  180      192.168.172.134:22         192.168.172.1:57461    users:(("sshd",pid=1074,fd=3))LISTEN  0  128         :::22            :::*     users:(("sshd",pid=943,fd=4))LISTEN  0  100         ::1:25            :::*     users:(("master",pid=1038,fd=14))[root@localhost ~]# ss -uanState  Recv-Q Send-Q     Local Address:Port         Peer Address:Port    ESTAB  0  0      192.168.172.134:60204        61.216.153.106:123    UNCONN  0  0        127.0.0.1:323            *:*     UNCONN  0  0          *:1524            *:*     UNCONN  0  0          *:68            *:*     UNCONN  0  0          *:68            *:*     UNCONN  0  0          *:30403            *:*     UNCONN  0  0         :::27349           :::*     UNCONN  0  0         ::1:323            :::*     UNCONN  0  0         :::5011            :::* [root@localhost ~]# ss -tan '( dport = :22 or sport = :22 )'State  Recv-Q Send-Q     Local Address:Port         Peer Address:Port    LISTEN  0  128         *:22            *:*     ESTAB  0  52      192.168.172.134:22         192.168.172.1:57461    LISTEN  0  128         :::22            :::*   [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ss -tan state ESTABLISHEDRecv-Q Send-Q       Local Address:Port          Peer Address:Port    0  52       192.168.172.134:22           192.168.172.1:57461 
View Code

 

七、配置主机名

hostname

hostname:查看主机名hostname HOSTNAME:修改主机名,重启后无效

在centos7中:

hostnamectl status:显示当前主机名等信息hostnamectl set-hostname HOSTNAME:设置主机名,永久有效

 

网络属性配置文件

一、主机名的配置文件

/etc/sysconfig/network (在centos7有这个文件,但是为空,因为在centos7中新增了hostnamectl  set-hostname,可以设置永久有效的主机名了):

centos6:[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/networkNETWORKING=yesHOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain

注意:修改配置文件不会立即生效,但是以后会一直有效。

 

二、DNS的配置文件

/etc/hosts:负责ip地址与域名快速解析的文件,hosts文件包含了IP地址和主机名之间的映射,在域名解析的过程中,会先查看hosts文件中是否有域名和ip地址之间的映射关系,如果没有则向DNS服务器发起域名解析的请求:

[root@frankhost ~]# vim /etc/hosts127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4::1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

/etc/resolv.conf:配置的是DNS服务器的地址,当主机要访问某个域名的时候,就会向resolv.conf的中的DNS服务器发起解析的请求:

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/resolv.conf # Generated by NetworkManagersearch localdomainnameserver 192.168.172.2nameserver 192.168.179.1

 

三、接口和路由的配置文件

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-IFACE:通过大量的参数来定义接口的属性,可以通过vim等文本编辑器直接修改:

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens32 TYPE=Ethernet #接口类型BOOTPROTO=dhcp #激活此接口使用什么协议来配置接口的属性,有dhcp、bootp、static、none等DEFROUTE=yes  #是否以此接口创建默认路由PEERDNS=yes  #如果BOOTPROTO的值为DHCP,是否允许dhcp server分配的dns服务器指向覆盖本地手动指定的DNS服务器指向PEERROUTES=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=yes #是否初始化IPV6IPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyNAME=ens32 #此配置文件对于的设备名称UUID=a3471195-913d-4e38-b521-47ffa1859ffe #此设备的唯一标识DEVICE=ens32 #此设备文件对于的设备名称ONBOOT=yes

除了以上的一些参数之外还有其他一些比较重要的参数:

DNS1:DNS指向,最多可以有三个DOMAIN:DNS搜索域IPADDR:ip地址NETMASK:子网掩码;在centos7中支持使用PREFIX以长度方式指明子网掩码GATEWAY:默认网关USERCTL:是否允许普通用户控制HWADDR:设备的MAC地址NM_CONTROLLED:是否使用NetworkManager服务来控制接口

 

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-IFACE:针对每个接口都有其对应的路由配置文件,有两种配置方式,但是不可以混用:
(1)每行配置一条路由:

target/prefix via GW

(2)每三行配置一条路由:

ADDRESS#=targetNETWORK#=maskGATEWAY#=NEXTHOP#为数字0.1.2.3....

举例:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置【linux相识相知】网络属性配置
[root@frankhost ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0100.100.100.0/24 via 192.168.172.136[root@frankhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination  Gateway   Genmask   Flags Metric Ref Use Iface100.100.100.0 192.168.172.136 255.255.255.0 UG 0  0  0 eth0192.168.172.0 0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth0169.254.0.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.0.0  U  1002 0  0 eth00.0.0.0   192.168.172.2 0.0.0.0   UG 0  0  0 [root@frankhost ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0ADDRESS0=192.168.1.0NETMASK0=255.255.255.0GATEWAY0=192.168.172.136[root@frankhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination  Gateway   Genmask   Flags Metric Ref Use Iface192.168.1.0  192.168.172.136 255.255.255.0 UG 0  0  0 eth0192.168.172.0 0.0.0.0   255.255.255.0 U  0  0  0 eth0169.254.0.0  0.0.0.0   255.255.0.0  U  1002 0  0 eth00.0.0.0   192.168.172.2 0.0.0.0   UG 0  0  0 eth0  
View Code

 

图像化的方式配置网络属性

在centos6中:

执行system-config-network或者setup命令:

安装:yum -y install system-config-network-tui

安装:yum -y install setuptool

setup界面:

【linux相识相知】网络属性配置

在centos7中:执行nmtui命令

 【linux相识相知】网络属性配置

该怎么用就不多说了,毕竟是傻瓜式的配置,永久有效。

在centos7中有一个很强大也很复杂的网络配置管理命令:nmcli,这里暂时就不做介绍了,以后有机会单独写一篇博客,nmcli参考链接:https://linux.cn/article-6241-1.html,或者请看man手册。

 

原标题:【linux相识相知】网络属性配置

关键词:linux

*特别声明:以上内容来自于网络收集,著作权属原作者所有,如有侵权,请联系我们: admin#shaoqun.com (#换成@)。

可能感兴趣文章

我的浏览记录